Medication errors occur every day, both in the health care setting and at home.
In the hospital, medicines pass through a series of steps to prevent possible errors before reaching the patient.
“Checks are in place at the point when medicine is prescribed, when the prescription order is documented, when the medication is dispensed and when the prescribed medicine is administered to the patient,” says Diane Cousins, R.Ph., vice president, Department of Patient Safety Standards Division at the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). “The patient is also monitored to assess any response to the medication-all in an effort to ensure patient safety.”
What is a Medication Error?
A medication error is defined as “any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer,” according to the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention.
Medication errors can occur throughout the medication-use system. Such as, when prescribing a drug, upon entering information into a computer system, when the drug is being prepared or dispensed, or when the drug is given to or taken by a patient.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) receives more than 100,000 U.S. reports each year associated with a suspected medication error. FDA reviews the reports and classifies them to determine the cause and type of error. The reports come from drug manufacturers, and healthcare professionals and consumers through MedWatch, the Agency’s safety information and adverse event reporting program. Serious harmful results of a medication error may include:
- Death
- Life threatening situation
- Hospitalization
- Disability
- Birth defect.
Looking for ways to reduce medication errors
FDA looks for ways to prevent medication errors. Before drugs are approved for marketing, FDA reviews the drug name, labeling, packaging, and product design to identify and revise information that may contribute to medication errors. For example, FDA reviews:
- Proposed proprietary (brand) names to minimize confusion among drug names. With the help of simulated prescriptions and computerized models, FDA determines the acceptability of proposed proprietary names to minimize medication errors associated with product name confusion.
- Container labels to help healthcare providers and consumers select the right drug product. If a drug is made in multiple strengths – e.g., 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg, – the labels of those three containers should be easy to differentiate. The label design may use different colors or identify the strength in large bold numbers and letters.
- Prescribing and patient information to ensure the directions for prescribing, preparing, and use are clear and easy to read.
After drugs are approved for marketing in the United States, FDA monitors and evaluates medication error reports. FDA may require a manufacturer to revise the labels, labeling, packaging, product design or proprietary name to prevent medication errors. FDA may also issue communications alerting the public about a medication error safety issue, by way of Drug Safety Communications, Drug Safety Alerts, Medication Guides and Drug Safety Podcasts.
FDA collaborates with external stakeholders, regulators, patient safety organizations such as the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), standard-setting organizations such as the U.S. Pharmacopeia, and researchers to understand the causes of medication errors, the effectiveness of interventions to prevent them, and to address broader safety issues that may contribute to medication errors.
Getting the right drug to the right patient
FDA also put into place rules requiring barcodes on certain drug and biological product labels. Barcodes allow healthcare professionals to use barcode scanning equipment to verify that the right drug — in the right dose and right route of administration — is being given to the right patient at the right time. This system is intended to help reduce the number of medication errors that occur in hospitals and other healthcare settings.
FDA has published several guidances to help manufacturers design their drug labels, labeling, packaging, and select drug names in a way to minimize or eliminate hazards that can contribute to medication errors. For example, in 2016, FDA issued a final guidance titled, Safety Considerations for Product Design to Minimize Medication Errors. To avoid errors and encourage safe use of drugs, the guidance recommendations include:
- Tablets and other oral dosage forms should have distinct and legible imprint codes so healthcare providers and consumers can verify the drug product and strength.
- Oral syringes and other dosing devices co-packaged with a liquid oral dosage form should be appropriate for the doses to be measured. Dosing errors have been reported when an oral syringe is labeled in milligrams but the dose is prescribed in milliliters.
- The package design should protect the consumer against incorrect use. Medications applied to the skin (topical) should not be packaged in containers that look like the containers usually associated with eye, ear, nasal, or oral products. Similar looking containers have resulted in people putting a topical product in the eye, ear, nose, and mouth.
Over-the-counter and prescription drug labeling
According to a Harris Interactive Market Research Poll conducted for the National Council on Patient Information and Education and released in January 2002, consumers tend to overlook important label information on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. In response to that report, FDA now requires a standardized “Drug Facts” label on more than 100,000 OTC drug products.
Modeled after the Nutrition Facts label on foods, Drug Facts helps consumers compare and select OTC medicines, and follow instructions. The label clearly lists active ingredients, inactive ingredients, uses, warnings, dosage, directions, and other information, such as how to store the medicine.
In 2006, FDA revised its rules for the content and format of prescribing information for prescription drug and biological products. The new look helps healthcare professionals find the information they need more easily and quickly. FDA also makes updated prescribing information available on the Web at Drugs@FDA.
Consumers play an important role
Consumers can also play an important role in reducing medication errors. Here are some drug safety tips:
- Know the various risks and causes for medication errors.
- Find out what drug you’re taking and what it is for. Rather than simply letting the doctor write you a prescription and send you on your way, be sure to ask the name of the drug and the purpose of the drug.
- Find out how to take the drug and make sure you understand the directions. Ask if the medicine needs to be kept in the refrigerator.
- Check the container’s label every time you take a drug. This is especially important if you are taking several drugs because it will lower your risk of accidentally taking the wrong medicine.
- Keep drugs stored in their original containers. Many pills look alike, so keeping them in their original containers will help know the name of the drug and how to take them. If you are having trouble keeping multiple medications straight, ask your doctor or pharmacist about helpful aids.
- Keep an updated list of all medications taken for health reasons, including OTC drugs, supplements, medicinal herbs, and other substances. Give a copy of this list to your healthcare provider.
- Be aware of the risk of drug/drug or drug/food interactions.
- If in doubt or you have questions about your medication, ask your pharmacist or other healthcare provider.
- Report suspected medication errors to MedWatch.
Advice to patients
• Talk with your doctor, pharmacist or other health care professionals about safe medication use. Keep an up-to-date list of medicines and dietary supplements you use, and always ask questions about any concerns or thoughts.
• Know your medicines by being aware of when, how and how long to use them. Also know what to do if you miss a dose, and whether or not there are any side effects.
• Read the label and follow directions. Always double-check that you have the right medicine, particularly if you are refilling a prescription, and never combine medicines in the same bottle. Make sure you understand the directions.
• Avoid interactions. Before starting any new medicine or dietary supplement, ask your health care provider or pharmacist if there are possible interactions with what you are currently using. Whenever possible, use the same pharmacy for all your prescriptions.
• Monitor your medicines’ effects and the effects of other medications or supplements you take. Pay attention to how you are feeling and write down the changes so that you can remember to tell your health care provider or pharmacist. If you experience any side effects, contact your health care provider immediately.
SOURCES
FDA, Working to Reduce Medication Errors
PLR, Steps To Preventing Medication Errors